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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><!-- #BeginTemplate "/Templates/Main.dwt" --><!-- DW6 -->
<!-- Mirrored from www.mathsisfun.com/roman-numerals.html by HTTrack Website Copier/3.x [XR&CO'2014], Sat, 29 Oct 2022 00:30:03 GMT -->
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<!-- #BeginEditable "doctitle" -->
<title>Roman Numerals</title>
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<div id="menuWide" class="menu"></div>
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<article id="content" role="main">
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<div class="video">IuioW-43Vtg</div>
<h1 id="title" align="center">Roman Numerals</h1>
<p style="float:left; margin: 0 10px 5px 0;"><img src="numbers/images/roman-mcmix.jpg" alt="roman mcmix" height="154" width="300"></p>
<div class="center"></div>
<p>Ancient Romans used a special method of showing numbers</p>
<div class="example">
<p>Examples: They wrote <b>C</b> instead of <b>100</b><br>
And wrote <b>IX</b> instead of <b>9</b></p>
</div>
<p><i>Read on to learn about Roman Numerals or go straight to the <a href="#convert">Roman Numeral Conversion
Tool</a></i>.</p>
<div style="clear:both"></div>
<h2>The Roman Symbols</h2>
<p>Romans Numerals are based on the following symbols:</p>
<div class="simple">
<table style="border: 0px none; margin: auto;" border="0">
<thead>
<tr><th>1</th><th>5</th><th>10</th><th>50</th><th>100</th><th>500</th><th>1000</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>I</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>V</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>X</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>L</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>C</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>D</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>M</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div>
<h2>Basic Combinations</h2>
<p>Which can be combined like this:</p>
<p><br></p>
<div class="simple">
<table style="border: 0px none; margin: auto;" border="0">
<thead>
<tr><th>1</th><th>2</th><th>3</th><th>4</th><th>5</th><th>6</th><th>7</th><th>8</th><th>9</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>I</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>II</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>III</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>IV</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>V</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>VI</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>VII</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>VIII</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>IX</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div>
<p><br></p>
<div class="simple">
<table style="border: 0px none; margin: auto;" border="0">
<thead>
<tr><th>10</th><th>20</th><th>30</th><th>40</th><th>50</th><th>60</th><th>70</th><th>80</th><th>90</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>X</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>XX</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>XXX</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>XL</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>L</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>LX</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>LXX</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>LXXX</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>XC</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div>
<p><br></p>
<div class="simple">
<table style="border: 0px none; margin: auto;" border="0">
<thead>
<tr><th>100</th><th>200</th><th>300</th><th>400</th><th>500</th><th>600</th><th>700</th><th>800</th><th>900</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>C</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>CC</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>CCC</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>CD</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>D</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>DC</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>DCC</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>DCCC</b></div>
</td>
<td style="width:40px;">
<div class="center"><b>CM</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div>
<h2>Forming Numbers - The Rules</h2>
<div class="dotpoint">
<p>When a symbol appears <b>after a larger</b> (or equal) symbol it is <b>added</b></p>
<ul>
<li>Example: VI = V + I = 5 + 1 = 6</li>
<li>Example: LXX = L + X + X = 50 + 10 + 10 = 70</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="dotpoint">
<p>But if the symbol appears <b>before a larger</b> symbol it is <b>subtracted</b></p>
<ul>
<li>Example: IV = V − I = 5 − 1 = 4</li>
<li>Example: IX = X − I = 10 − 1 = 9</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p class="center large">To Remember: <b>A</b>fter Larger is <b>A</b>dded</p>
<div class="dotpoint">
<p>Don't use the same symbol more than three times in a row (but IIII is sometimes used for 4, particularly on clocks)</p>
</div>
<h2>How to Convert to Roman Numerals</h2>
<p>Break the number into Thousands, Hundreds, Tens and Ones, and write down each in turn.</p>
<div class="example">
<h3 class="larger">Example: Convert 1984 to Roman Numerals.</h3>
<p style="float:right; margin: 0 0 5px 10px;"><img src="numbers/images/roman-1984.svg" alt="roman 1984" height="179" width="268"></p>
<p class="large">Break 1984 into 1000,900, 80 and 4, then do each conversion</p>
<ul>
<li>1000 = M</li>
<li>900 = CM</li>
<li>80 = LXXX</li>
<li>4 = IV</li>
</ul>
<p>1000 + 900 + 80 + 4 = 1984, so <b>1984 = MCMLXXXIV</b></p>
</div>
<p style="float:left; margin: 20px;"><img src="numbers/images/roman-medical-xavier.svg" alt="roman medical xavier" height="189" width="247"></p>
<h2>How To Remember</h2>
<p>Think "MeDiCaL XaVIer".<br>
It has the roman numerals in descending order from 1000 to 1.</p>
<div style="clear:both"></div>
<p class="fun center">I, for one, like Roman numerals!</p>
<a name="convert" id="convert"></a>
<h2>Really Big Numbers</h2>
<p>Numbers greater than 1,000 are formed by placing a dash over the symbol, meaning "times 1,000", but
these are not commonly used:</p>
<div class="simple">
<table style="border: 0; margin:auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th style="width:50px;">
<div class="center">5,000</div></th>
<th style="width:50px;">
<div class="center">10,000</div></th>
<th style="width:50px;">
<div class="center">50,000</div></th>
<th style="width:50px;">
<div class="center">100,000</div></th>
<th style="width:50px;">
<div class="center">500,000</div></th>
<th style="width:50px;">
<div class="center">1,000,000</div></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:50px;">
<div style="text-decoration: overline" align="center"><b>V</b></div></td>
<td style="width:50px;">
<div style="text-decoration: overline" align="center"><b>X</b></div></td>
<td style="width:50px;">
<div style="text-decoration: overline" align="center"><b>L</b></div></td>
<td style="width:50px;">
<div style="text-decoration: overline" align="center"><b>C</b></div></td>
<td style="width:50px;">
<div style="text-decoration: overline" align="center"><b>D</b></div></td>
<td style="width:50px;">
<div style="text-decoration: overline" align="center"><b>M</b></div></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div>
<h2>Conversion Tool</h2>
<p>You can convert to/from Roman Numerals here:</p>
<div class="script" style="height: 70px;">
numbers/images/roman.js
</div>
<a name="q" id="q"></a>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="questions">375, 2034, 2035, 2036, 2037, 2038, 2039, 5113, 5114, 5115</div>
<div class="related">
<a href="decimals.html">Decimal Numbers</a>
</div>
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</article>
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