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140 lines
5.6 KiB
HTML
140 lines
5.6 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Electrons and the Periodic Table</title>
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<h1>Electrons and the Periodic Table</h1>
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<p>An atom is a system of one or more <a href="electricity.html">electrons</a> bound to a nucleus. Here is a quantum microscope image of a hydrogen atom:</p>
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<p class="center"><img src="images/atom-hydrogen-quantum.jpg" alt="atom hydrogen quantum" height="260" width="300"><br>
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<i style="font: 14px Arial;">https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.213001</i></p>
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<p>Hydrogen has just one electron, which exists as a fuzzy probability cloud.</p>
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<p>But it is easier to use a simple diagram:</p>
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<p class="center"><img src="images/atom-h-lbl.svg" alt="hydrogen" height="168" width="160"></p>
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In the center (marked "H" for "Hydrogen") is the nucleus with 1 proton, and around that is our one electron.
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<p>Electrons are attracted to protons, and are in their <b>lowest energy state</b>:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>each wider "shell" (any dashed circle shown below) has a higher energy state</li>
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<li>within each shell there are also different energy states called <a href="atom-orbitals.html">orbitals</a> (we give special colors in the animation)</li>
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<li>each orbital has at most two electrons together (with opposite spin)</li></ul>
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<p>Play with it below ... discover patterns for yourself ... then learn more later.</p>
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<div class="script" style="height: 620px;">
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images/periodic.js
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</div>
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<p style="float:right; margin: 0 0 5px 10px;"><img src="images/box-fit-things.svg" alt="hydrogen" height="" width=""></p>
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<p>The electrons don't always go where you expect. It is like packing things into a box, the items find their lowest
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energy locations, sometimes with subtle shifting going on.</p>
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<h2>It Causes Chemistry!
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</h2>
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<p>But the really cool thing is that the outermost electrons affect <b>how each element bonds</b> or reacts chemically with others.</p>
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<p style="float:right; margin: 0 0 5px 10px;">
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<img src="images/hydrogen-gas.svg" alt="hydrogen gas" height="" width="">
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<img src="images/h2o.svg" alt="H20 is water" height="" width="">
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</p>
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<p>Examples:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Hydrogen (H) is happy to bond (with itself and others) as it has an empty electron spot</li>
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<li>Helium (He) does not like to bond, as its two electrons fill its first shell</li>
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<li>Lithium (Li), similar to Hydrogen, is happy to bond as it has one empty electron spot in its outer shell.</li>
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<li>etc</li></ul>
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<p>And so it makes sense to group all elements that behave in a similar way into <b>columns </b>(called groups).</p>
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<p>And the <b>rows</b> (called periods) show us how many <b>shells.</b></p>There are also 4 main blocks that correspond roughly with the type of oribital (shown as the color of the block). <br>
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<p>Have another play with the table and more for yourself.</p>
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<p><i>(Note: the block starting at 57 etc belongs in the table next to number 56. And the block starting at 89 etc belongs in the table next to number 88.)</i></p>
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<h2>Conclusion:</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>electrons naturally seek their lowest energy level around the nucleus</li>
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<li>the resulting outermost electrons ... cause chemistry!</li></ul>
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<p> </p>
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<div class="related">
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<a href="atom-orbitals.html">Atom Orbitals</a>
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<a href="index.html">Physics Index</a>
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<div id="copyrt">Copyright © 2022 Rod Pierce</div>
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